Lauren_NNP Ballinger_NNP 05/12/08_CD Reaching_VBG Transcendence_NNP through_IN the_DT Elimination_NNP of_IN color_NN :_: The_DT Ideal_NNP Minimalism_NNP of_IN Black_NNP and_CC White_NNP 
The_DT world_NN is_VBZ made_VBN up_RP of_IN a_DT myriad_JJ of_IN colors_NNS ._. color_NN gives_VBZ distinction_NN to_TO our_PRP$ life_NN ,_, it_PRP gives_VBZ flavor_NN and_CC meaning_VBG ._. 
What_WP would_MD our_PRP$ lives_NNS be_VB without_IN color_NN ?_. 
At_IN the_DT same_JJ time_NN in_IN our_PRP$ modern_JJ society_NN ,_, color_NN has_VBZ been_VBN seen_VBN as_IN an_DT external_JJ threat_NN to_TO be_VB purged_VBN from_IN the_DT enlightened_JJ mind_NN and_CC space_NN ._. 
color_NN is_VBZ seen_VBN as_IN corrupting_JJ ,_, intoxicating_VBG ,_, disorienting_VBG and_CC in_IN art_NN ,_, has_VBZ come_VBN to_TO be_VB associated_VBN with_IN the_DT vulgar_NN and_CC the_DT kitsch_NN ._. 
We_PRP went_VBD from_IN times_NNS of_IN celebrating_VBG color_NN and_CC decoration_NN to_TO one_CD of_IN minimalism_NN where_WRB black_NN and_CC white_NN were_VBD placed_VBN at_IN the_DT front_NN as_IN representations_NNS of_IN modernity_NN and_CC ultimate_JJ transcendence_NN ._. 
What_WP is_VBZ the_DT significance_NN for_IN this_DT preference_NN for_IN black_NN and_CC white_JJ when_WRB it_PRP comes_VBZ to_TO high_JJ art_NN ?_. 
Why_WRB in_IN a_DT world_NN filled_VBN with_IN color_NN do_VBP we_PRP feel_VBP the_DT need_NN to_TO purge_VB it_PRP from_IN our_PRP$ space_NN ?_. 
What_WP exactly_RB is_VBZ the_DT debate_NN between_IN colorlessness_NN vs_NNS color_NN and_CC more_RBR specifically_RB can_MD black_NN and_CC white_JJ be_VB considered_VBN non-colors_JJ ?_. 

Ever_RB since_IN the_DT dawn_NN of_IN man_NN ,_, human_JJ society_NN has_VBZ evolved_VBN in_IN ways_NNS which_WDT attempt_VBP to_TO ultimately_RB control_VB nature_NN ._. 
Seeing_VBG as_IN color_NN is_VBZ something_NN of_IN the_DT natural_JJ world_NN ,_, age_NN old_JJ and_CC archaic_JJ ,_, washing_VBG it_PRP away_RB from_IN our_PRP$ lives_NNS is_VBZ the_DT ultimate_JJ form_NN of_IN rising_VBG above_IN the_DT physical_JJ world_NN ._. 
“_NN Intelligent_NNP beings_NNS have_VBP a_DT language_NN represented_VBN by_IN articulate_VB sounds_VBZ ;_: organized_VBN beings_NNS ,_, like_IN all_DT animals_NNS and_CC vegetables_NNS ,_, express_VB themselves_PRP by_IN cries_VBZ or_CC forms_VBZ ,_, contour_NN or_CC carriage_NN ._. 
Inorganic_NNP nature_NN has_VBZ only_RB the_DT language_NN of_IN color_NN ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ by_IN color_NN alone_RB that_IN a_DT certain_JJ stone_NN tells_VBZ us_PRP it_PRP is_VBZ a_DT sapphire_NN or_CC emerald_NN …_NN color_NN ,_, then_RB ,_, is_VBZ the_DT peculiar_JJ characteristic_NN of_IN the_DT lower_JJR forms_NNS of_IN nature_NN ,_, while_IN drawing_VBG becomes_VBZ the_DT medium_NN of_IN expression_NN ,_, more_JJR and_CC more_RBR dominant_JJ ,_, the_DT higher_JJR we_PRP rise_VBP in_IN the_DT scale_NN of_IN being_VBG ”_NN 
(_( Blanc_NNP ,_, Chromophobia_NNP ,_, p_NN .25_CD )_) ._. The_DT history_NN of_IN color_NN is_VBZ about_IN the_DT ways_NNS in_IN which_WDT man_NN has_VBZ tried_VBN to_TO find_VB the_DT ideal_JJ state_NN of_IN being_VBG throughout_IN the_DT ages_NNS ._. 

In_IN the_DT Far_NNP East_NNP ,_, reaching_VBG a_DT state_NN of_IN colorless-ness_JJ is_VBZ associated_VBN with_IN the_DT highest_JJS state_NN of_IN spiritual_NN being_NN ,_, the_DT state_NN of_IN Zen_NNP ._. 
What_WP is_VBZ typical_JJ of_IN this_DT sort_NN of_IN ascetism_NN is_VBZ the_DT art_NN of_IN expressing_VBG as_RB much_RB as_IN possible_JJ using_VBG the_DT minimum_NN as_IN an_DT ideal_NN ._. 
This_DT is_VBZ apparent_JJ through_IN Japanese_JJ haiku_NN as_RB well_RB as_IN the_DT art_NN of_IN ink_NN painting_NN in_IN both_DT China_NNP and_CC Japan_NNP ._. 
For_IN them_PRP ,_, reaching_VBG the_DT greatest_JJS depths_NNS of_IN spirituality_NN demanded_VBD expression_NN in_IN its_PRP$ most_RBS minimal_JJ form_NN ._. 
This_DT reduction_NN of_IN color_NN and_CC expression_NN proved_VBD the_DT purity_NN the_DT artist_NN had_VBD reached_VBN within_IN himself_PRP ,_, it_PRP was_VBD a_DT means_NN of_IN reducing_VBG down_RB to_TO the_DT essence_NN of_IN a_DT thing_NN ._. 

In_IN the_DT Elimination_NNP of_IN color_NN in_IN the_DT Far_NNP East_NNP ,_, Izutsu_NNP explains_VBZ though_IN how_WRB this_DT ultimate_JJ state_NN of_IN minimalism_NN can_MD only_RB be_VB reached_VBN through_IN an_DT appreciation_NN and_CC fine_NN knowledge_NN of_IN color_NN ._. 
“_NN This_DT artistic_JJ acestism_NN ,_, i.e._NN ,_, the_DT suppression_NN of_IN externals_NNS and_CC the_DT reduction_NN of_IN all_DT colors_NNS to_TO black_NN and_CC white_JJ ,_, manifests_NNS its_PRP$ real_JJ aesthetic_JJ function_NN only_RB against_IN the_DT background_NN of_IN a_DT highly_RB refined_VBN sensibility_NN for_IN colors_NNS and_CC their_PRP$ subtle_JJ hues_NNS ._. 
In_IN other_JJ words_NNS ,_, the_DT true_JJ profundity_NN of_IN the_DT beauty_NN of_IN black_NN and_CC white_NN is_VBZ disclosed_VBN only_RB to_TO those_DT eyes_NNS that_WDT are_VBP able_JJ to_TO appreciate_VB the_DT splendors_NNS of_IN sumptuous_JJ and_CC glowing_JJ colors_NNS with_IN all_DT their_PRP$ delicate_JJ shades_NNS and_CC tints_NNS ”_NN 
(_( Izutsu_NNP ,_, p._NN 169_CD )_) ._. For_IN black_NN and_CC white_JJ can_MD only_RB be_VB seen_VBN as_IN distinguishing_VBG against_IN a_DT background_NN of_IN color_NN and_CC for_IN this_DT very_JJ reason_NN one_PRP can_MD assert_VB that_IN both_DT black_NN and_CC white_JJ are_VBP colors_NNS in_IN themselves_PRP as_IN non-colors_JJ ._. 

It_PRP is_VBZ through_IN the_DT absence_NN of_IN color_NN that_IN one_CD brings_VBZ to_TO mind_VB the_DT colors_NNS that_WDT are_VBP no_DT longer_RB present_JJ ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ up_IN to_TO the_DT mind_NN to_TO fill_VB in_IN the_DT blank_JJ space_NN ._. 
Without_IN color_NN one_PRP could_MD not_RB appreciate_VB the_DT purity_NN of_IN the_DT black_NN and_CC white_JJ space_NN ._. 
colorlessness_NN needs_VBZ color_NN in_IN order_NN to_TO for_IN the_DT full_JJ aesthetic_JJ experience_NN to_TO take_VB place_NN ._. 
“_NN That_DT is_VBZ to_TO say_VB ,_, under_IN the_DT total_JJ absence_NN of_IN color_NN ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_DT vague_JJ reminiscence_NN of_IN all_DT colors_NNS that_WDT have_VBP been_VBN “_NN killed_VBD ”_NN 
(_( Izutsu_NNP ,_, p._NN 177_CD )_) ._. Black_NNP and_CC white_JJ are_VBP the_DT consummation_NN of_IN all_DT colors_NNS into_IN one_CD ._. 
“_NN Black_NNP is_VBZ life_NN ;_: it_PRP is_VBZ the_DT infinite_NN possibility_NN of_IN expression_NN and_CC development_NN ._. Black_NNP here_RB is_VBZ not_RB sheer_JJ black_NN ._. 
For_IN in_IN it_PRP ’s_VBZ negation_NN of_IN all_DT colors_NNS ,_, all_DT colors_NNS are_VBP positively_RB affirmed_VBD ”_NN 
(_( Izutsu_NNP ,_, p._NN 193_CD )_) ._. It_PRP is_VBZ through_IN these_DT means_VBZ that_IN one_CD finds_VBZ the_DT essence_NN in_IN a_DT thing_NN ._. 

In_IN Western_JJ society_NN ,_, this_DT purging_VBG of_IN color_NN began_VBD with_IN the_DT rejection_NN of_IN ideals_NNS of_IN generations_NNS past_JJ ._. 
Eliminating_VBG color_NN was_VBD a_DT way_NN of_IN eliminating_VBG the_DT decadence_NN of_IN the_DT 18th_JJ century_NN ._. 
Society_NNP turned_VBD to_TO minimalism_NN as_IN a_DT way_NN of_IN cleansing_VBG life_NN ,_, representing_VBG modernity_NN ._. 
color_NN became_VBD a_DT moral_JJ issue_NN ,_, seen_VBN as_IN something_NN sensuous_JJ and_CC dangerous_JJ in_IN its_PRP$ secondary_JJ nature_NN to_TO the_DT essence_NN of_IN life_NN and_CC form_NN ._. 
“_NN The_DT predominance_NN of_IN color_NN at_IN the_DT expense_NN of_IN drawing_VBG is_VBZ a_DT usurpation_NN of_IN the_DT relative_NN over_IN the_DT absolute_JJ ,_, of_IN fleeting_JJ appearance_NN over_IN permanent_JJ form_NN ,_, of_IN physical_JJ impression_NN over_IN the_DT empire_NN of_IN the_DT soul_NN ”_NN 
(_( Chromophobia_NNP ,_, p._NN 28_CD )_) ._. color_NN rests_VBZ on_IN the_DT surface_NN of_IN an_DT object_VBP ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ superficial_JJ ,_, cosmetic_JJ and_CC therefore_RB deceptive_JJ since_IN it_PRP hides_NNS the_DT true_JJ nature_NN of_IN that_DT thing_NN ._. 

color_NN is_VBZ associated_VBN with_IN the_DT Fall_NN from_IN Grace_NNP ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ something_NN which_WDT speaks_VBZ to_TO the_DT senses_NNS ,_, not_RB the_DT mind_NN ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ external_JJ and_CC therefore_RB secondary_JJ to_TO life_NN ._. 
It_PRP deals_VBZ with_IN the_DT body_NN ,_, emotions_NNS ,_, not_RB the_DT intellect_NN ._. 
It_PRP strays_NNS from_IN reason_NN in_IN the_DT way_NN which_WDT it_PRP consumes_NNS and_CC manipulates_VBZ life_NN ._. 
“_NN color_NN was_VBD a_DT permanent_JJ internal_JJ threat_NN ,_, an_DT ever-present_JJ inner_JJ other_JJ which_WDT ,_, if_IN unleashed_VBD ,_, would_MD be_VB the_DT ruin_VB of_IN everything_NN ,_, the_DT fall_NN of_IN culture_NN ._. 
For_IN [_NN Charles_NNP Blanc_NNP ]_NN color_NN also_RB represents_VBZ a_DT kind_NN of_IN ruination_NN ._. color_NN for_IN him_PRP signifies_NNS the_DT mythical_JJ savage_NN state_NN out_IN of_IN which_WDT civilization_NN ,_, the_DT nobility_NN of_IN the_DT human_JJ spirit_NN ,_, slowly_RB ,_, heroically_RB ,_, has_VBZ lifted_VBN itself_PRP –_NN but_CC back_RB into_IN which_WDT it_PRP could_MD always_RB slide_VB 
”_NN (_( Chromophobia_NNP ,_, p._NN 23_CD )_) ._. It_PRP is_VBZ a_DT descent_NN in_IN the_DT way_NN it_PRP makes_VBZ one_CD lose_VB consciousness_NN and_CC enter_VB into_IN the_DT physical_JJ world_NN of_IN desire_NN ,_, and_CC to_TO desire_NN is_VBZ to_TO lose_VB control_NN over_IN oneself_PRP ._. 
Thus_RB ,_, began_VBD the_DT cult_NN of_IN the_DT black_NN and_CC white_JJ ._. 

White_NNP is_VBZ seen_VBN as_IN representing_VBG spirituality_NN ,_, the_DT heavens_NNS ,_, and_CC light_JJ ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ all_DT which_WDT is_VBZ modern_JJ ,_, it_PRP signifies_NNS the_DT opposite_NN of_IN the_DT carnal_NN nature_NN of_IN color_NN ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ the_DT control_NN of_IN nature_NN ,_, and_CC the_DT body_NN and_CC represents_VBZ the_DT modern_JJ man_NN ._. 

“_NN WHITE_NNP is_VBZ the_DT spiritual_NN color_NN of_IN our_PRP$ times_NNS ,_, the_DT clearness_NNS which_WDT directs_VBZ all_DT out_RP actions_NNS ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ neither_DT grey_JJ white_NN ,_, nor_CC vory_NN white_JJ ,_, but_CC pure_JJ white_NN ._. 

WHITE_NNP is_VBZ the_DT color_NN of_IN modern_JJ times_NNS ,_, the_DT color_NN which_WDT dissipates_VBZ a_DT whole_JJ era_NN ;_: our_PRP$ era_NN is_VBZ perfection_NN ,_, purity_NN ,_, certitude_NN ._. 

WHITE_NNP It_PRP includes_VBZ everything_NN ._. 

We_PRP have_VBP superceded_VBD both_DT the_DT ‘_NN brown_JJ ’_NN of_IN decadence_NN and_CC classiscm_NN and_CC the_DT ‘_NN blue_JJ ’_NN of_IN divisionism_NN ,_, the_DT cult_NN of_IN the_DT blue_JJ ky_NN ,_, the_DT gods_NNS with_IN green_JJ beards_NNS and_CC the_DT spectrum_NN ._. 

WHITE_NNP pure_JJ white_NN ._. 
”_NN (_( Chromophobia_NNP ,_, p._NN 47_CD )_) ._. 
For_IN these_DT reasons_NNS black_NN and_CC white_JJ have_VBP been_VBN placed_VBN at_IN the_DT top_NN of_IN the_DT hierarchy_NN of_IN colors_NNS ._. 
Abolishing_NNP color_NN means_VBZ controlling_VBG color_NN ._. 
“_NN The_DT white_JJ surface_NN exposes_NNS color_NN ,_, presents_VBZ it_PRP for_IN disciplining_VBG ._. 
It_PRP keeps_VBZ an_DT eye_NN on_IN all_PDT the_DT objects_NNS it_PRP frames_NNS ._. 
But_CC before_IN that_DT ,_, it_PRP keeps_VBZ an_DT eye_NN on_IN itself_PRP ,_, watching_VBG its_PRP$ freshly_RB laundered_VBN and_CC neatly_RB folded_VBD fabric_NN for_IN the_DT stain_VB of_IN color_NN ”_NN 
(_( Wigly_NNP ,_, p._NN 151_CD )_) ._. colorlessness_NN is_VBZ not_RB natural_JJ ,_, and_CC thus_RB proves_VBZ man_NN ’_NN s_VBZ superiority_NN over_IN this_DT world_NN ._. 

On_IN the_DT other_JJ hand_NN ,_, we_PRP need_VBP color_NN in_IN order_NN to_TO distinguish_VB black_NN and_CC white_JJ ._. 
Just_RB as_IN those_DT from_IN the_DT Far_NNP East_NNP ,_, the_DT purity_NN of_IN white_JJ implies_VBZ what_WP has_VBZ been_VBN washed_VBN away_RB and_CC thus_RB makes_VBZ the_DT white_JJ glitter_NN even_RB more_JJR ._. 
White_NNP and_CC black_JJ stand_NN out_IN because_IN of_IN color_NN ,_, and_CC color_NN stand_NN out_IN because_IN of_IN white_JJ and_CC black_JJ ._. 
They_PRP are_VBP linked_VBN intrinsically_RB together_RB ,_, one_PRP can_MD not_RB go_VB without_IN the_DT other_JJ ._. 
“_NN White_NNP is_VBZ the_DT setting_VBG for_IN color_NN ._. 
._. In_IN a_DT mosque_NN for_IN example_NN ,_, the_DT architectonic_JJ effect_NN of_IN its_PRP$ white_JJ garment_NN is_VBZ assisted_VBN by_IN a_DT strategic_JJ use_NN of_IN color_NN :_: “_NN All_DT these_DT things_NNS are_VBP clothed_VBN in_IN a_DT majestic_JJ coat_NN of_IN whitewash_NN ._. 
The_DT forms_NNS stand_VBP out_IN clearly_RB ;_: the_DT impeccable_JJ construction_NN displays_NNS all_DT its_PRP$ boldness_NNS ._. 
At_IN times_NNS a_DT high_JJ stylobate_NN of_IN delightful_JJ ceramic_JJ produces_VBZ a_DT blue_JJ vibration_NN ._. ”_NN 
The_DT sensuous_JJ vibration_NN of_IN the_DT color_NN clarifies_VBZ the_DT white_JJ surface_NN whose_WP$ limit_NN it_PRP marks_VBZ ”_NN 
(_( Wigley_NNP ,_, p._NN 209_CD )_) ._. We_PRP need_VBP this_DT opposition_NN between_IN color_NN and_CC ‘_NN non-color_JJ ’_NN to_TO make_VB distinction_NN between_IN the_DT two_CD ,_, otherwise_RB neither_DT would_MD hold_VB such_JJ significance_NN ._. 
White_NNP helps_VBZ to_TO harmonize_NN colors_NNS that_WDT would_MD otherwise_RB clash_VB ,_, it_PRP brings_VBZ together_RB and_CC unites_VBZ ._. 
“_NN White_NNP expresses_VBZ a_DT certain_JJ incorporeality_NN ._. 
The_DT use_NN of_IN white_NN is_VBZ therefore_RB decisive_JJ for_IN the_DT bodily_RB appearance_NN of_IN a_DT space_NN ._. 
Concrete_NNP bodies_NNS decrease_VBP the_DT space_NN more_JJR or_CC less_JJR depending_VBG on_IN their_PRP$ color_NN value_NN ._. 
Against_IN white_JJ ,_, one_PRP can_MD actually_RB establish_VB the_DT intensity_NN of_IN clashing_VBG colors_NNS ;_: white_JJ determines_VBZ the_DT tone_NN in_IN the_DT first_JJ place_NN ._. 
Because_IN of_IN this_DT it_PRP is_VBZ possible_JJ to_TO take_VB up_RP any_DT given_JJ colors_NNS and_CC make_VB them_PRP harmonize_NN 
”_NN (_( Wigley_NNP ,_, p._NN 311_CD )_) ._. 
For_IN this_DT reason_NN white_JJ walls_NNS are_VBP favored_VBN over_IN colored_VBN ones_NNS for_IN both_DT galleries_NNS and_CC architectural_JJ spaces_NNS ._. 
The_DT white_NN of_IN the_DT walls_NNS intensifies_NNS the_DT color_NN of_IN what_WP is_VBZ set_VBN before_IN them_PRP ._. 
It_PRP stabilizes_VBZ and_CC controls_VBZ forms_NNS because_IN it_PRP brings_VBZ to_TO light_VB the_DT contours_NNS of_IN the_DT space_NN ._. 
“_NN In_IN the_DT white_JJ painted_VBN room_NN the_DT clarity_NN of_IN spatial_NN sensation_NN and_CC disposition_NN was_VBD surest_JJS and_CC most_RBS convincing_VBG ,_, all_PDT the_DT details_NNS of_IN the_DT form_NN and_CC color_NN of_IN the_DT furnishings_NNS could_MD be_VB developed_VBN undisturbed_JJ in_IN front_NN of_IN this_DT background_NN …_NN In_IN this_DT a_DT form_NN was_VBD discovered_VBN which_WDT was_VBD completely_RB convincing_JJ in_IN its_PRP$ simplicity_NN and_CC which_WDT could_MD be_VB seen_VBN as_IN one_CD of_IN the_DT essential_JJ formulas_NNS for_IN wall_NN treatment_NN in_IN “_NN closed_VBD ”_NN spaces_NNS ”_NN 
(_( Wigley_NNP ,_, p._NN 313_CD )_) ._. 
There_EX is_VBZ another_DT important_JJ aspect_NN which_WDT white_NN is_VBZ representative_NN of_IN ,_, and_CC that_DT is_VBZ the_DT well_NN educated_VBN and_CC socially_RB elite_NN ._. 
In_IN the_DT 19th_JJ century_NN it_PRP became_VBD fashionable_JJ for_IN bourgeois_NNS women_NNS to_TO dress_VB in_IN white_JJ ,_, while_IN men_NNS dressed_VBN in_IN black_JJ (_( Wigley_NNP )_) ._. 
These_DT distinctions_NNS proved_VBD a_DT certain_JJ rational_JJ order_NN ,_, only_RB attained_VBN by_IN those_DT able_JJ to_TO afford_VB of_IN it_PRP ._. 
White_JJ walls_NNS ,_, white_JJ clothing_NN ,_, they_PRP both_DT require_VB much_RB more_JJR maintenance_NN than_IN something_NN colored_VBN where_WRB a_DT stain_VB can_MD merely_RB hide_VB away_RB among_IN the_DT other_JJ colors_NNS ._. 
Crisp_NNP whiteness_NNS on_IN the_DT other_JJ hand_NN expresses_VBZ a_DT sort_NN of_IN luxury_NN ,_, and_CC leisure_NN ._. 
White_JJ clothing_NN proved_VBD that_DT someone_NN was_VBD of_IN a_DT level_NN of_IN society_NN in_IN which_WDT they_PRP were_VBD not_RB forced_VBN to_TO work_VB ,_, for_IN the_DT clothing_NN would_MD immediately_RB become_VB soiled_VBD if_IN not_RB and_CC thus_RB the_DT reason_NN why_WRB women_NNS who_WP were_VBD the_DT ones_NNS to_TO stay_VB at_IN home_NN dressed_VBN in_IN all_DT white_NN ,_, while_IN men_NNS who_WP were_VBD the_DT ones_NNS to_TO go_VB out_IN and_CC work_NN wore_VBD black_JJ ,_, for_IN black_NN did_VBD in_IN fact_NN hide_VB stains_NNS ._. 

The_DT same_JJ goes_VBZ with_IN white_JJ walls_NNS ,_, in_IN their_PRP$ impeccability_NN it_PRP proved_VBD to_TO whoever_WP ,_, that_IN the_DT owner_NN could_MD afford_VB to_TO not_RB live_VB actually_RB live_VB in_IN this_DT space_NN ,_, or_CC could_MD afford_VB more_RBR simply_RB for_IN the_DT upkeep_NN and_CC constant_JJ fresh_JJ coats_NNS of_IN paint_NN ._. 
Both_DT as_RB well_RB were_VBD signs_NNS of_IN the_DT modern_JJ age_NN man_NN had_VBD reached_VBN ._. 
“_NN Pure_NNP white_NN was_VBD de_IN rigueur_FW ,_, partly_RB because_IN of_IN its_PRP$ exciting_JJ novelty_NN ,_, partly_RB because_IN it_PRP emphasized_VBD the_DT smoothly_RB mechanical_JJ texture_NN ,_, and_CC pointed_VBD the_DT contrast_NN between_IN it_PRP and_CC surrounding_VBG nature_NN ”_NN 
(_( Wigley_NNP ,_, p._NN xvii_NN )_) ._. The_DT use_NN of_IN white_NN was_VBD proof_NN that_DT man_NN had_VBD conquered_JJ nature_NN ._. 

The_DT use_NN of_IN white_JJ and_CC black_JJ in_IN dress_NN and_CC architecture_NN also_RB became_VBD a_DT way_NN of_IN distinguishing_VBG oneself_PRP from_IN the_DT vulgar_NN ,_, normal_JJ ,_, lower_JJR classes_NNS ._. 
“_NN ._. ._. it_PRP is_VBZ also_RB worthy_JJ of_IN remark_NN ,_, that_IN savage_NN nations_NNS ,_, uneducated_JJ people_NNS ,_, and_CC children_NNS have_VBP a_DT great_JJ predilection_NN for_IN vivid_JJ colors_NNS ;_: that_IN animals_NNS are_VBP excited_VBN to_TO rage_VB by_IN certain_JJ colors_NNS ;_: that_IN people_NNS of_IN refinement_NN avoid_VB vivid_JJ colors_NNS in_IN their_PRP$ dress_NN and_CC the_DT objects_NNS that_WDT are_VBP about_IN them_PRP ,_, and_CC seem_VBP inclined_VBN to_TO banish_VB them_PRP altogether_RB from_IN their_PRP$ presence_NN 
”_NN (_( Chromophobia_NNP ,_, p._NN 112_CD )_) ._. Furthermore_RB ,_, with_IN the_DT advent_NN of_IN industrialization_NN the_DT invention_NN of_IN new_JJ synthetic_JJ dyes_NNS meant_VBN that_DT color_NN in_IN dress_NN became_VBD democratized_VBN for_IN all_DT classes_NNS ._. 
Now_RB ,_, anyone_NN could_MD afford_VB to_TO wear_VB colorful_JJ clothing_NN and_CC the_DT masses_NNS began_VBD to_TO dress_VB themselves_PRP in_IN what_WP once_RB would_MD have_VB been_VBN inconceivable_JJ to_TO them_PRP ._. 

Thus_RB said_VBD ,_, the_DT use_NN of_IN black_NN in_IN white_JJ in_IN wardrobe_NN perhaps_RB was_VBD a_DT way_NN for_IN the_DT new_JJ bourgeoisie_NN to_TO distinguish_VB themselves_PRP from_IN the_DT decadence_NN of_IN the_DT upper_JJ class_NN and_CC the_DT vulgarity_NN from_IN the_DT low_NN ._. 
“_NN In_IN the_DT prevailing_VBG styles_NNS of_IN the_DT European_JJ bourgeoisie_NN ,_, there_EX long_RB survived_VBD a_DT tendency_NN to_TO limit_VB the_DT use_NN of_IN color_NN ,_, with_IN strong_JJ emphasis_NN on_IN what_WP are_VBP generally_RB thought_VBN of_IN as_IN non_NN colors_NNS ,_, such_JJ as_IN white_JJ ,_, black_JJ and_CC gray_JJ ”_NN 
(_( The_DT Style_NN Engine_NNP ,_, p._NN 40_CD )_) ._. Another_DT reason_NN why_WRB it_PRP is_VBZ believed_VBN that_IN the_DT bourgeoisie_NN took_VBD preference_NN in_IN black_NN and_CC white_NN is_VBZ because_IN of_IN the_DT Victorian_JJ sobriety_NN of_IN the_DT age_NN and_CC their_PRP$ obsession_NN with_IN purity_NN and_CC cleanliness_NN ._. 
Wearing_VBG black_NN and_CC white_JJ also_RB marked_VBD the_DT distinction_NN of_IN labor_NN between_IN men_NNS and_CC women_NNS and_CC in_IN a_DT highly_RB rigid_JJ and_CC segmented_JJ society_NN ,_, the_DT wearing_VBG of_IN different_JJ colors_NNS seemed_VBD the_DT most_RBS obvious_JJ way_NN to_TO do_VB so_RB ._. 
This_DT simplicity_NN of_IN dress_NN was_VBD seen_VBN as_IN a_DT mark_NN of_IN the_DT modern_JJ man_NN ._. 

Other_JJ major_JJ technologies_NNS during_IN the_DT age_NN of_IN industrialization_NN also_RB had_VBD an_DT effect_NN on_IN this_DT preference_NN for_IN black_NN and_CC white_JJ ._. 
Photography_NNP took_VBD over_IN as_IN a_DT means_NN of_IN portraiture_NN for_IN the_DT bourgeois_NNS and_CC the_DT upper_JJ class_NN and_CC despite_IN the_DT fact_NN that_IN it_PRP was_VBD possible_JJ to_TO color_VB the_DT photographs_NNS ,_, for_IN the_DT most_JJS part_NN they_PRP were_VBD left_VBN in_IN black_NN and_CC white_JJ because_IN it_PRP was_VBD seen_VBN as_IN more_JJR “_NN natural_JJ ”_NN ._. 
Above_IN all_DT ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ believed_VBN that_IN the_DT expanse_NN of_IN literacy_NN and_CC the_DT printed_JJ word_NN ,_, mainly_RB the_DT newspaper_NN ,_, had_VBD a_DT profound_JJ effect_NN in_IN influencing_VBG the_DT choice_NN of_IN black_NN and_CC white_JJ ._. 
“_NN This_DT world_NN was_VBD viewed_VBN as_IN orderly_JJ and_CC relatively_RB uniform_NN ,_, a_DT world_NN in_IN “_NN black_NN and_CC white_JJ ”_NN 
._. This_DT led_VBN to_TO the_DT idea_NN of_IN writing_VBG =_SYM rationality_NN =_SYM production_NN that_WDT confined_VBN images_NNS ,_, especially_RB images_NNS in_IN color_NN ,_, to_TO the_DT emerging_VBG field_NN of_IN “_NN art_NN ”_NN ,_, which_WDT was_VBD understood_VBN as_IN an_DT essential_JJ activity_NN but_CC one_CD that_WDT was_VBD essentially_RB unproductive_JJ ,_, while_IN it_PRP assigned_VBN to_TO the_DT two-toned_JJ and_CC orderly_JJ world_NN of_IN printed_VBN paper_NN the_DT role_NN of_IN a_DT daily_JJ guide_NN to_TO existence_NN ”_NN 
(_( The_DT Style_NN Engine_NNP ,_, p._NN 42_CD )_) ._. The_DT world_NN of_IN print_NN was_VBD therefore_RB seen_VBN as_IN something_NN serious_JJ for_IN the_DT modern_JJ man_NN ._. 

Black_NNP and_CC white_NN became_VBD a_DT symbol_NN for_IN the_DT superiority_NN of_IN man_NN ’_NN s_VBZ intellect_NN and_CC technology_NN ._. 
This_DT then_RB translated_VBN down_RB into_IN the_DT world_NN of_IN fashion_NN ,_, as_IN seen_VBN with_IN the_DT distinction_NN between_IN black_NN and_CC white_JJ clothing_NN ,_, as_RB well_RB as_IN art_NN ,_, namely_RB photography_NN but_CC also_RB film_NN and_CC as_IN discussed_VBN before_IN architecture_NN and_CC gallery_NN space_NN ._. 

Seeing_VBG as_IN since_IN the_DT time_NN of_IN Aristotle_NNP ,_, form_NN was_VBD valued_VBN over_IN that_DT of_IN color_NN ,_, the_DT arts_NNS which_WDT did_VBD not_RB require_VB color_NN to_TO be_VB enjoyed_VBN were_VBD perceived_VBN to_TO be_VB that_IN of_IN a_DT higher_JJR form_NN ._. 
The_DT explosion_NN of_IN mass_NN production_NN and_CC printing_NN allowed_VBN for_IN a_DT plethora_NN of_IN colorful_JJ advertising_NN and_CC consumer_NN goods_NNS which_WDT came_VBD to_TO be_VB known_VBN as_IN kitsch_NN ._. 
“_NN Kitsch_NNP is_VBZ a_DT product_NN of_IN the_DT industrial_JJ revolution_NN which_WDT urbanized_JJ the_DT masses_NNS of_IN Western_NNP Europe_NNP and_CC America_NNP and_CC established_VBN what_WP is_VBZ called_VBN universal_JJ literacy_NN ”_NN 
(_( Greenberg_NNP )_) ._. In_IN order_NN to_TO meet_VB the_DT demand_NN of_IN mass_NN markets_NNS cheap_JJ and_CC bright_JJ things_NNS of_IN little_JJ use_NN were_VBD made_VBN to_TO attract_VB the_DT attention_NN of_IN consumers_NNS ._. 
Kitsch_NNP made_VBD cheap_JJ what_WP once_RB was_VBD truly_RB cultural_JJ by_IN the_DT way_NN it_PRP reproduced_VBD it_PRP d_SYM infinitum_NN ._. 
Greenberg_NNP continues_VBZ by_IN saying_VBG ,_, “_NN Kitsch_NNP ,_, using_VBG for_IN raw_JJ material_NN the_DT debased_JJ and_CC academicized_JJ simulacra_NN of_IN genuine_JJ culture_NN ,_, welcomes_VBZ and_CC cultivates_VBZ this_DT insensibility_NN ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ the_DT source_NN of_IN its_PRP$ profits_NNS ._. Kitsch_NNP is_VBZ mechanical_JJ and_CC operates_VBZ by_IN formulas_NNS ._. 
Kitsch_NNP is_VBZ vicarious_JJ experience_NN and_CC faked_VBD sensations_NNS ._. 
Kitsch_NNP changes_NNS according_VBG to_TO style_NN ,_, but_CC remains_VBZ always_RB the_DT same_JJ ._. 
Kitsch_NNP is_VBZ the_DT epitome_NN of_IN all_DT that_WDT is_VBZ spurious_JJ in_IN the_DT life_NN of_IN our_PRP$ times_NNS ._. 
Kitsch_NNP pretends_NNS to_TO demand_VB nothing_NN of_IN its_PRP$ customers_NNS except_IN their_PRP$ money_NN --_: not_RB even_RB their_PRP$ time_NN ”_NN ._. 
With_IN the_DT advent_NN of_IN kitsch_NN came_VBD a_DT great_JJ need_NN for_IN the_DT distinction_NN between_IN higher_JJR and_CC lower_JJR artforms_NNS ._. 
Avant_NNP guard_NN at_IN the_DT time_NN was_VBD considered_VBN to_TO be_VB true_JJ art_NN ,_, while_IN this_DT kitsch_NN was_VBD simply_RB pure_JJ imitation_NN ._. 

Thus_RB said_VBD ,_, this_DT along_IN with_IN the_DT influence_NN of_IN black_NN and_CC white_JJ print_NN perhaps_RB was_VBD the_DT cause_NN for_IN the_DT belief_NN that_IN which_WDT was_VBD black_NN and_CC white_NN was_VBD deemed_VBN a_DT serious_JJ ,_, high_JJ art_NN ,_, while_IN that_DT which_WDT was_VBD colorful_JJ was_VBD mere_JJ rubbish_NN and_CC imitation_NN for_IN the_DT lower_JJR classes_NNS ._. 
Of_IN course_NN during_IN the_DT early_JJ stages_NNS of_IN color_NN film_NN and_CC photography_NN ,_, the_DT quality_NN was_VBD so_RB poor_JJ that_IN it_PRP gave_VBD a_DT cheap_JJ look_NN ,_, whereas_IN black_NN and_CC white_JJ film_NN really_RB allowed_VBD one_CD to_TO see_VB the_DT light_JJ and_CC the_DT shadows_NNS in_IN the_DT images_NNS ._. 
For_IN the_DT play_NN of_IN light_NN and_CC form_NN was_VBD key_JJ in_IN demonstrating_VBG the_DT true_JJ art_NN form_NN ._. 
That_DT was_VBD what_WP made_VBD up_RP the_DT essence_NN of_IN an_DT image_NN ,_, not_RB the_DT artificial_NN ,_, or_CC superficial_JJ filling_NN in_IN of_IN form_NN with_IN color_NN ._. 
Color_NNP was_VBD thought_VBN to_TO distract_VB the_DT viewer_NN from_IN the_DT soul_NN of_IN the_DT image_NN ._. 

These_DT beliefs_NNS have_VBP changed_VBN since_IN color_NN technology_NN as_IN tweeked_JJ to_TO the_DT point_NN of_IN being_VBG almost_RB better_JJR than_IN reality_NN ._. 
Still_RB though_IN black_NN and_CC white_NN is_VBZ seen_VBN as_IN something_NN of_IN a_DT more_RBR sober_JJ tradition_NN ._. 
Photographers_NNP still_RB use_NN black_NN and_CC white_JJ and_CC white_NN is_VBZ still_RB the_DT most_RBS widely_RB used_VBN color_NN for_IN walls_NNS within_IN gallery_NN spaces_NNS ._. 
These_DT non_NN colors_NNS allow_VBP for_IN the_DT appreciation_NN of_IN color_NN ._. 
When_WRB something_NN is_VBZ black_NN and_CC white_JJ ,_, it_PRP allows_VBZ the_DT mind_NN to_TO fill_VB in_IN and_CC imagine_VB for_IN itself_PRP the_DT amazing_JJ colors_NNS that_WDT must_MD exist_VB beyond_IN the_DT screen_NN ._. 
Many_JJ actually_RB complained_VBD with_IN the_DT invention_NN of_IN color_NN in_IN movies_NNS that_IN this_DT stunted_VBN the_DT mind_NN since_IN one_CD was_VBD forced_VBN to_TO look_VB at_IN the_DT garish_NN colors_NNS placed_VBN before_IN them_PRP ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ for_IN this_DT reason_NN that_IN ultimately_RB the_DT use_NN of_IN black_NN and_CC white_NN is_VBZ seen_VBN as_IN more_JJR of_IN an_DT intellectual_JJ process_NN ._. 
It_PRP forces_VBZ one_CD to_TO imagine_VB ,_, it_PRP forces_NNS one_CD to_TO delve_NN into_IN the_DT core_NN of_IN the_DT object_NN ._. 
Whether_IN it_PRP mean_VBP going_VBG beyond_IN the_DT mind_NN or_CC simply_RB the_DT purity_NN of_IN non_NN color_NN ,_, the_DT use_NN of_IN black_NN and_CC white_NN has_VBZ been_VBN debated_VBN over_IN for_IN the_DT last_JJ hundred_CD years_NNS ._. 
Now_RB we_PRP have_VBP entered_VBN an_DT era_NN where_WRB we_PRP are_VBP seeing_VBG once_RB again_RB more_JJR color_NN ,_, but_CC perhaps_RB it_PRP is_VBZ human_JJ instinct_NN ,_, to_TO want_VB to_TO surpass_VB and_CC rebel_NN against_IN generations_NNS before_RB ,_, so_RB possibly_RB we_PRP shall_MD return_VB to_TO a_DT state_NN of_IN non_NN color_NN veneration_NN ._. 
Thus_RB is_VBZ the_DT ebb_NN and_CC flow_NN of_IN life_NN ._. 

